| Forest resources |
Response
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ndicators for this section:
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Kazakhstan | |
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n 1996 forest rehabilitation activities in forests of national importance were carried out in the area of 14.6 thousand hectares, which is 2.4 times less of work volume in 1995.
Work dealing with protective forest cultivation on arable lands, creation of green zones round cities and settlements, protective plantations along transport roads, recultivation of infringed soils are practically ceased. |
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For the period of time since 1990 the total volumes of forest rehabilitation, forest sowing and planting are catastrophically reduced, at the same time the areas damaged by fires are increased. For the last years no preventive activities against proliferation of vermin and forest disease hotbeds are carried out. |
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Normative and legislative base. The basic legal act regulating forest relations is Forest Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, functioning since 1993 that is why under the conditions of working out a new legislation of the country as a result of the republic's sovereignty, a forestry normative base has become updated. Basic Code directions do not co-ordinate with the president's decree, functioning as the law "On land". There is a term in the Code "an owner of forest sections", but in the decree, owning of land is not foreseen. Compatibility of notions inside the Code causes some doubts. For example, article 19 stated that all forests in the republic of Kazakhstan have a protective importance, but article 21 approved that all forests have a limited operational significance, but notions, protective and operational are mutually exclusive. The Code foresees numerous protective measures, but at the same time at category level dealing with forest registration it is impossible to differentiate mountain forests from desert forests, steppe forests from flood-land forests and so on. It is necessary to work out republican, departmental instructive methodical materials, aimed at regulation of the most important issues of forest management: methods of determination of calculated wood cutting areas (standards of major utilisation), instructions dealing with regulations of forest fire service. There is a necessity in documents, determining standard terms of natural renewal after felling, regulating balance observance between felling and forest renewal, and other branch standards.
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Kyrgyzstan | |
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he following normative legislative acts should be pointed out: Forest Code, 1993 (with amendments and additions, 1997); Law "On Nature protection", 1991; Law "On particular protected territories", 1994.
According to the forest legislation all forests on the territory of Kyrgyzstan belong to the first group of forests, that is it is prohibited to cut them down with commercial purpose of obtaining wood. |
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It is considered to be a favourable factor for preserving biological diversity, since mountainous forests play an important water regulating and soil protective role. National Forestry Committee implements national policy in the sphere of forest resources. It is aimed at restoration and protection of national forests. Forestry authorities carry out forestry management. They are responsible for forest protection, have arboretums of their own and their processing enterprises. Forestries have production, deal with cattle breeding and agriculture. There is a well-developed forestry practice in the republic. |
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Arboretums usually occupy from 6 to 10 hectares and contain various kinds of planting material, which is transplanted in forest cultivated areas by open root manner. Level of plantation preservation greatly depends on rain amounts, which are often insufficient and on forest plantations protection from damage caused by cattle grazing as well. |
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The National Academy of Sciences and three institutes carry out forestry research: forest and nut farming institute, biosphere and biology institutes. The subject of scientific research is preservation and utilisation of all kinds of woods. Key problem of the forestry section is forest degradation, which is caused by uncontrolled cattle grazing and an excessive exploitation of forests in the past. These actions led to exhaustion of wild nature, increased soil erosion and promoted landslides and mud-floods. With the purpose of maintenance of forestry management it is planned out to allot funds and render technical assistance in the following components:
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Tadjikistan | |
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or a number of years, experiments dealing with strange trees cultivation in Tajikistan had been carried out. For tree species studying, botanical gardens and stations in many regions and in various high-altitude zones of the republic were founded.
Unfortunately, botanical gardens of the republic turned out to be in a very grievous and unsatisfactory condition. Planned measures dealing with felling and renewal of various forest species have been worked out by scientific research institutions. |
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One of the main tasks in organisation of rational forest utilisation consists of determination of calculated cutting area in conformity with each region. Selective felling under the conditions of Tajikistan is the most optimum. Forest renewal activities are referred to urgent task too. Wooded territories promote decrease of surface flow, reduction of erosion. Besides, mountainous forests are main places of inhabitancy of great number of birds and animals. Rates of natural self-rehabilitation of forests in Tajikistan are very low. Hence, forests need human help. In 1999 it will be 120 years since the beginning of forest rehabilitation activities in Central Asia. Forest rehabilitation activities are systematically carried out in Tajikistan. Leninabad and Khallon regions take a particularly active part in carrying out such kinds of work. According to official data, in 1986 forest rehabilitation work accounted for the area of 4285 hectares but as for 1996 this kind of work didn't exceed more than 2900 hectares. Frequently forest-planting works ended in failure, due to tree species discrepancy with local type of soils and climatic conditions. In spite of conducted work total deforestation exceeds total decrease. Due to climatic conditions and economic difficulties there is practically no national restoration of the main forest-making species (juniper, pistachio, plain tree, birch, firtree and others). For the period 1995-1997 forest rehabilitation is conducted on the area of 8.8 thousand hectares. A total number of seedlings are 10,000,000 including 9,000,000 fruit tree seedlings and about a million poplar seedlings. Up to the present time there were field protective zones which accounted for the area of 200-300 hectares. At present creation of field protective forest belts have been ceased. The inhabitants, due to the shortage of energy carriers and building materials are exterminating existing zones.
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Turkmenistan |  |
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| T he following normative legislative act should be noted: "On protection and rational utilization of flora" adopted in 1993; Forest Code of 1993. |
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From international projects, including issues dealing with protection of forest resources, project of investment materials for preservation of biological diversity in Turkmenistan should be noted as well.
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Uzbekistan | |
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national program of forest rehabilitation is worked out in the republic for 1991-1995. For this period of time proper work is carried out on the area which accounted for 171.5 thousand hectares. (It is 28 thousand hectares less than it was planned). For 1986-1990 forest rehabilitation by method of forest plants was conducted on the territory of 214.6 thousand hectares. It shows the more effective reproduction of forest plants in this period of time. However at such rates of rehabilitation average increase of forestry per a year will be not more than 0.02 %. This means, that forestland increase at least by 1% will occur not earlier than in 50 years. There is a great concern about the high percentage of destruction of forest plants from the total volume of forest plantations.
Planting material is grown in temporary arboretums. Seeding material for growing seedlings is of a poor quality and is stored in casually chosen plantations. Forestry enterprises conduct their activities without any forest arrangement projects. Activities dealing with creation of forest reserves were not conducted for the last period of time. It does not allow the State Committee on Forestry to run a planned economy.
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