Programme - Seminar I

An OECD Workshop arranged in co-operation with the Russian Ministry for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources and the Centre for International Projects

Monday, january 23

18.00 Arrival and Registration

Tuesday, January 24

09.00 Registration
Session 1: Environmental Information Systems Serving Regional Environmental Decision-Making - Demands and Obstacles
09.30 The OECD Review of the Environmental Information Systems in Russia
Bo Libert, OECD, Paris
9.45 Environmental Information Networks in Countries with Economies in Transition in Central and Eastern Europe
Otto Simonett, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Norway
10.00 The Unified State Environmental Monitoring System
Olga Novoselova, Ministry for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, Moscow
10.30 The Information Needs of Decision-makers, a Framework for Analysis
Reginald D. Noble, Bowling Green State University, USA
11.00 Coffee Break
Session 2: Environmental Epidemiology
11.30 Relevance of Environmental Information Systems for Health Impact Assessment
Alexander Kuchuk and Michael Krzyzanowski, WHO-ECEH, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
12.00 Organisation of Impact Monitoring, Including Health Aspects: the Experience in the Perm Oblast
Alina Fedorovskaya, Ural State Institute of Regional Ecological Problems, Perm
12.30 Lunch Break
Session 3: Pollution and Environmental Information Systems
13.30 Environmental Information System for Decision-Making in the Kurgan Oblast
Yevgenii Dmitriyev, State Institute for Applied Ecology, Moscow
14.30 Environmental Information for Decision-Making in the Kaluga Oblast
Irina Gorshkova, Kaluga Oblast Committee for Environmental Protection, Kaluga
15.00 Coffee break
Session 4: Working Groups: Bottlenecks in Existing Environmental Information Systems Related to Pollution
16.30 Working Group Sessions
19.00 Cocktail for seminar participants

Wednesday, January 25

Session 5: Management of Natural Resources and Environmental Information Systems
9.00 Management of Natural Resources at the Regional Level
Anatolii Zhevchuk, Ministry for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, Moscow
9.30 Land Resource Planning in Sweden
Michael Sundholm, County Administration of Kronoberg, Sweden
10.00 Coffee break
Session 6: Environmental Information Systems: A Framework for Analysis for Needs Assessments
10.30 Some issues of Interaction between International, National (Russian) and Regional (Oblast level) Environmental Protection Institutions
Sergei Tikhonov, Tatiana Butylina, Vladimir Kozoderov, Centre for International Projects,
and Sergei Tveritinov, Ministry for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
10.45 Introduction for the Working Groups
Reginald D. Noble, Bowling Green State University
11.15 Working Group Sessions I
12.30 Lunch Break
13.30 Working Group Sessions II
14.30 Coffee Break
Session 7: Concluding Plenary Session
15.00 Reports from the Working Groups
15.30 Adoption of Conclusions and Recommendations
16.00 Close

List of Participants

Seminar 1

This is a list of the participants and observers of the OECD/UNEP Seminar "Integrated Environmental Information Systems in Support of Decision-Making at the Oblast Level" January 24-25, 1995 - Moscow, RUSSIA

Participants:

Mr. Jan Aben Air Quality Scientist
Tel: 31 30 742938
Fax: 31 30 287531
RIVM Air Quality Research Laboratory
THE NETHERLANDS

Mr. Igor A. Balyasnikov
Chairman
Bryansk Regional Committee of Ecology and Nature Use, Bryansk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (083 22) 10 2 33
Fax: (083 22) 10 2 30

Mr. Vladimir I. Bumblis
Chief Specialist on Monitoring
Ministry of Ecology of the Republic of Tatarstan
Kazan, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (843 2) 75 59 33
Fax: (843 2) 76 80 98

Ms. Tatiyana P. Butylina
Chief of the Division
Centre for International Projects
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 124 58 51
Fax: (095) 124 55 51

Mr. Evgeniy S. Dmitriyev
Director
State Institute for Applied Ecology
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 231 89 00

Mr. Viktor S. Dymov
Deputy Chairman of Committee
Administration of Tula Oblast Tula, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 20 64 69

Ms. Alina H. Fedorovskaya
Head of Division
Ural State Institute of Regional Environmental Problems
Perm, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 394 105
Fax: 643 699

Mr. Bair O. Gomboev
Deputy Chairman
Committee of Ecology and Nature Use of the Republic of Buryatiya
Ulan-Ude, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 3 61 04

Ms. Nataliya Golubetskaya
Adviser
Interparliament Assembly of CIS Countries
St. Petersburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (812) 279 41 03
Fax: (812) 272 21 42

Ms. Irina N. Gorshkova
Deputy Chairman
Kaluga Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Kaluga, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (422) 12 14 46
Fax: (422) 12 14 47

Mr. Aleksander M. Goudyma
Deputy Chief
Main Department of External Relations
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 254 73 01
Fax: (095) 254 82 83

Mr. Boris A. Itkin
Deputy Chief
Main Department of Economy of Environment and Protection of Natural Resources,
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 124 32 66
Fax: (095) 125 62 71

Ms. Elena A. Karpova
Chief of State Ecological Expertise
Orel Regional Committee of Ecology and Natural Resources
Orel, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 6 33 77

Mr. Yuriy E. Kazakov
Adviser
Environment and Public Health Division of USAID
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 956 42 81
Fax: (095) 237 66 03

Ms. Nadezhda S. Klebanova
Head of Division of Environment Pollution Observings
The State Committee of Ukraine on Hydrometeorology
Kyiv, UKRAINE
Tel: 221 93 70
Fax: 229 18 88

Mr. Vladimir M. Kolodkin
Director
Institute of Research of Natural and Technogenic Catastrophes, Udmurtia State University
Izhevsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (341 2) 75 38 31
Fax: (341 2) 77 86 97

Ms. Nadezhda V. Kolokolchikova
Chief Specialist
Main Department of External Relations
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 254 67 10
Fax: (095) 254 82 83

Mr. Sergey V. Kostariev
Chief of Regional Information and Analysis Centre
Omsk Regional Committee of Nature Protection
Omsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (3 812) 25 65 94
Fax: (3 812) 25 14 02

Mr. Victor O. Kozlov
Chief of Department of Monitoring Expertise
Chelyabinsk Regional Committee of Ecology and Nature Use
Chelyabinsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (351 2) 37 82 87
Fax: (351 2) 37 81 87

Mr. Vladimir V. Kozoderov
Senior Expert
Centre for International Projects
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 124 58 51
Fax: (095) 124 55 51

Mr. Konstantin M. Kuchenko
The First Deputy Chairman
Primorskiy Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Vladivostok, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (423 2) 22 03 02
Fax: (423 2) 26 85 74

Mr. Aleksandr Kuchuk
Manager of the Monitoring System
WHO Regional Office for Europe
Bilthoven Division
THE NETHERLANDS
Tel: 31 30 295 305
Fax: 31 30 294 120

Mr. Gennadiy A. Kuznetsov
The 1st Deputy Chairman
Kursk Regional Committee of Ecology and Natural Resources
Kursk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 56 68 76
Fax: 071 2 53 10

Mr. Viktor N. Kurakov
Chief of Standardization and Coordination Department Tel: 26 38 03
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Chuvash Republic
Cheboksary, RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Mr. Viktor S. Kuznetsov
Deputy Chairman
Arkhangelsk Regional Committee of Nature Protection
Arkhangelsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 49 41 50

Mr. Bo Libert
Coordinator
Environment Directorate
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Paris, FRANCE
Tel: 33 1 45241840
Fax: 33 1 45249671

Mr. Yuriy M. Maltsev
Deputy Chairman
Krasnoyarsk Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Krasnoyarsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 27 73 55

Ms. Galina N. Marchuk
The First Category Specialist
Ministry of Environment Protection and Nuclear Safety
Kyiv, UKRAINE
Tel: 228 63 89
Fax: 229 80 50

Ms. Andrea Matte-Baker
Senior Programme Officer
UNEP Regional Office for Europe
Geneva, SWITZERLAND
Tel: 41 22 979 91 11
Fax: 41 22 797 34 20

Mr. Mikhail A. Machulenko
Chairman
Gomel Regional Committee of Ecology
Gomel, REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Tel: 8 0172 53 41 93
Fax: 8 0172 55 77 60

Ms. Marie Mojaiski
Consultant of the Western Europe
ECAT - St. Petersburg
Paris, FRANCE
Tel: (812) 352 24 05
Fax: (812) 352 26 18

Mr. Nikolai V. Murin
Head of Division of Ecological Expertise
Lipetsk Oblast Committee on Environmental Protection
Lipetsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 8 074 2 72 47 66
Fax: 8 074 2 77 78 48

Ms. Galina A. Nazarova
Head of Division
Main Department of Scientific and Technical Provisions for Ecological Safety, Ministry of Protection
of the Environment and Natural Resources
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 254 87 22

Mr. Reginald Noble
Director
Centre for International Environmental Programs 2024
Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green, USA
Tel: 1 419 372 2732
Fax: 1 419 372

Ms. Ulta Manuela K. Notter
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Solna, SWEDEN
Tel: 46 8 7991061
Fax: 46 8 989902

Ms. Olga A. Novosielova
Head of Division
Main Department of Scientific and Technical Provisions for Ecological Safety,
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 254 46 55
Fax: (095) 254 82 83

Ms. Nina M. Oreshina
Head of Division of Automatized Systems Management
Altay Regional Committee of Ecology and Natural Resources
Barnaul, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (395 2) 23 33 01
Fax: (395 2) 23 34 76

Mr. Dmitriy N. Pankov
Deputy Chairman
Tombov Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Tombov, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 22 00 30

Ms. Natalya B. Pivovarova
Chief of Software and Computer Technology Sector
Murmansk Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Murmansk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (815 22)591 09
Fax: (815 22) 563 15 /591 68
Telex: 626 181 ABPOBA

Ms. Olga V. Ponomarieva
Head of Division
Department of Environmental Health and Hygiene
The Russian Information Analytical Centre
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 954 13 86
Fax: (095) 954 03 10

Mr. Viktor P. Pijanov
The First Deputy Chairman
Orenburg Oblast Committee on Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources
Orenburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (35300) 479833
Fax: (35300) 473711

Mr. Valeriy V. Revebtsov
Chief of Information and Analysis Centre
Volgograd Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Volgograd, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (844 2) 44 46 25
Fax: (844 2) 44 88 20

Mr. Nikolay G. Rybalsky
General Director
Russian Ecological Federal Information Agency
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 284 82 35
Fax: (095) 284 85 50

Mr. Aleksandr A. Shekhovtsov
Deputy Director of the Centre for International Projects
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural
Resources of the Russian Federation
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 124 53 13
Fax: (095) 124 55 51

Mr. Aleksander A. Savastenko
Chief Expert
Secretariat of Interstate Ecological Council
Minsk, REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Tel: 0172 76 92 59
Fax: 0172 34 65 22

Mr. Andrey V. Semichaevsky
Specialist
Directorate of Ecological Monitoring
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety
Kyiv, UKRAINE
Tel: (044) 228 07 86
Fax: (044) 229 80 50

Mr. Gennady V. Shaklein
Chief State Hygienic Physician of Perm Oblast
Perm Regional Center of State Hygienic and Epidemiological Inspection
Perm, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 34 76 43
Fax: 33 87 49

Mr. Yury R. Shirokov
Head of Division
Novosibirsk Regional Committee of Ecology and Natural Resources
Novosibirsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (383 2) 205 370
Fax: (383 2) 205 494

Mr. Valery V. Shiryaev
Head of Division of Scientific and Informational Provision
Kirov Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Kirov, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (833 2) 69 21 91
Fax: (833 2) 62 54 94

Mr. Vladimir V. Shvetsov
Chairman
Vladimir Regional Committee on Protection of the
Environment and Natural Resources
Vladimir, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (092 2) 3 33 30
Fax: (092 2) 3 33 30

Mr. Valery I. Semakov
Head of Division
Department of Automatized Systems
Ekaterinburg Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Ekaterinburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (343 2) 56 94 64
Fax: (343 2) 56 25 49

Mr. Otto Simonett
Programme Manager
UNEP/GRID-Arendal
Arendal, NORWAY
Tel: 47 370 35650
Fax: 47 370 35050

Ms. Natalija N. Smolina
Chief Specialist
Department of Monitoring
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety
Kyiv, UKRAINE
Tel: 228 07 86
Fax: 229 80 50

Mr. Aleksander P. Sukhorukov
Head of Division
Stavropol Regional Committee on Protection of the
Environment and Natural Resources
Stavropol, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 76 28 35

Mr. Michael Sundholm
Information System Manager
County Administrative Board
Kronoberg County
Vaexjoe, SWEDEN
Tel: 46 470 86000
Fax: 46 470 86255

Mr. Andrey A. Terentiev
Project Coordinator
Centre for International Projects
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural
Resources of the Russian Federation
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 124 58 51
Fax: (095) 124 55 51

Mr. Sergey E. Tikhonov
Director
Centre for International Projects
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural
Resources of the Russian Federation
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 124 55 51
Fax: (095) 124 55 51

Mr. Gennady M. Tischikov
Chief Engineer
Centre of Radiological Control and Environmental Monitoring
Glavhidromet of the Republic of Belarus
Minsk, REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Tel: 0172 64 64 34

Ms. Vera V. Ulyashina
Chief of Information and Analysis Centre
Committee of Ecology and Natural Resources of Saratov Region
Saratov, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: 26 54 66

Ms. Svetlana S. Veremieva
The First Deputy Chairman
Kostroma Regional Committee of Environmental
Protection and Natural Resources
Kostroma, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel. (094 22) 55 74 51

Mr. Ed Wiken
Director
Department of the Environment
Ottawa, CANADA
Tel: 1 819 994 9533
Fax: 1 819 994 5738

Mr. Ildar U. Yamalov
Chief of the Scientific and Technical Department
Ministry of Environmental Protection of the
Republic of Bashkortostan
Ufa, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (347 2) 53 04 55
Fax: (347 2) 53 04 04

Mr. Aleksander A. Yurgenson
Chief Specialist
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection of the Republic of Belarus
Minsk, REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Tel: (0172) 20 76 20
Fax: (0172) 20 55 83

Ms. Nina V. Zaitseva
Director
Population Safety Research Centre
State Hygienic and Epidemiological Surveillance
Committee of the Russian Federation
Perm, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (3422) 39 11 85

Mr. Farit M. Zeleev
Chief Specialist
Ulyanovsk Regional Committee of Environmental Protection
Ulyanovsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (8422) 31 33 02

Ms. Irina M. Zosimova
Head of Division
Public Health Research and Prognosis
St. Petersburg Centre of State Hygienic and
Epidemiological Surveillance Committee of the Russian Federation
St. Petersburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (812) 311 62 00
Fax: (812) 311 14 47

Observers:

Ms. Yuliya E. Abrosimova
Head of Department
Medsotsekoinform
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 979 92 36
Fax: (095) 219 38 40

Mr. Vladimir K. Babayan
Head of Laboratory
VNIRO Roskomrybolovstvo
(Russian Committee of Fisheries)
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 264 95 32

Mr. Grigoriy M. Barenboim
Director
The State Centre of Water Monitoring
Russian Committee of Water Resources
Moscow, RUSSIA
Tel: (095) 137 18 44
Fax: (095) 137 18 44

Mr. Nickolai B. Denisov
Researcher
Faculty of Geography
Moscow State University
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 939 39 92
Fax: (095) 932 88 36
Telex: 411483 MGU SU

Mr. Vsevolod V. Gavrilov
Federal Centre of Geoecological Systems
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ms. Marina F. Glazkova
Chief Specialist
State Committee of Hygienic and Epidemiological Surveillance of Russia
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 973 16 57

Mr. Sergey A. Gromov
Head of Sector
Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
Federal Service of Hydrometeorology and Monitoring of Russia
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 160 08 40
Fax: (095) 160 58 47

Mr. Dmitry P. Kolganov
Centre of Preparation and Realization of International Projects
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Mr. Evgeny P. Kuzmichiev
Head of Department of Science
Russian Committee of Forestry
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 332 51 91

Mr. Grigoriy M. Ostrovsky
Deputy Head of Department
Russian Committee of Water Resources
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 207 64 52

Mr. Dmitry O. Sergeev
Deputy Director
Federal Centre of Geoecological Systems of the
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and Natural
Resources of the Russian Federation
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 254 49 33

Mr. Igor Yu. Sergievskiy
Deputy General Director
REFIA
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 284 89 29

Mr. Gennady A. Shilov
Head of Division
Russian Committee of Mining Resources Protection
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 254 81 74

Ms. Irina A. Utkina
Head of Division
Federal Centre of Geoecological Systems of the
Ministry of Protection of the Environment and
Natural Resources of the Russian Federation
Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Tel: (095) 254 49 37

Last updated September 30, 1996 by Lorant Czaran

Seminar II

Development of the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System in the Russian Federation

January 26, 1995

Air Quality Surveillance in the Netherlands

Introduction
The Netherlands is a small, densely populated country in the northwestern part of the European continent at the North Sea. Its surface area amounts to 34,000 km2. Administratively, the Netherlands is divided into 12 so-called provinces. These provinces are divided into municipalities. In 1993, there were 15 million people living in the Netherlands, corresponding to a density of 450 inhabitants per km2. A large part of them, about 45%, live in cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. The Netherlands is also characterised by an enormous density of road traffic. The number of cars per km2 is 170 - the highest in the world. Major non-global air quality problems in the Netherlands include the levels of traffic-related air pollution in cities, the formation of smog, and the deposition of acidifying and eutrophying substances.
Dutch air pollution control strategy forms an integral part of a total environmental policy. Until the beginning of the seventies, Dutch air pollution abatement had, as in many other countries, its legal base in the Nuisance Act. In the sixties, a period known for its strong economic growth, the need for better legal possibilities to tackle water and air pollution became evident. A sectoral approach was chosen because this enabled a quick realisation of legislation. One of these sectoral pieces of legislation is the "Air Pollution Act", which came into force in 1972. It is a general framework act that offers the possibility of establishing further regulations via so- called "General Administrative Orders". The chief subjects in the act are air quality (standards), apparatus, fuels and polluting activities, installations, special circumstances (resulting from an incident or special meteorological conditions) and pollution control zones. In addition financial provisions and penalties are included.
In the seventies, the disadvantages and shortcomings of this sectoral approach became evident. The strong focus on one compartment could lead to the neglect of problems in other compartments or a shift of the problem to another compartment. Also, from the point of legislation, the situation called for improvement. This resulted in the "General Environmental Provisions Act" (1980), in which common provisions such as issuing permits were regulated.
In the eighties, the need for integrated environmental policy became evident. This was expressed in reports like the "Indicative Multi-year Environmental Protection Plan" and the first "National Environmental Policy Plan". The major advantage of this integrated approach is that all environmental effects of a compound can be taken into account, as well as all environmental loads resulting from certain activities or products. At the end of the eighties, it was decided to transform the General Environmental Provisions Act into the "Environmental Protection Act", which will eventually replace all sectoral acts. This process is going on at the moment. For the time being, the sectoral acts remain in force for aspects not yet included in this integral act.

Air quality standards
At the moment, there are four General Administrative Orders in force with respect to air quality standards. These so-called "Air Quality Decrees" are the Decree on sulphur dioxide and suspended particles (black smoke) (1986), the Decree on nitrogen dioxide (1987), the Decree on carbon monoxide and lead (1987) and, finally, the Decree on benzene (1993). In these decrees, limit and guide values for air quality are laid down. Limit values have to be interpreted as the air quality that should be reached or maintained. For carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and benzene guide values are also given.
These have to be interpreted as the air quality that should be reached or maintained as much as possible. Limit values are mainly aimed at the protection of humans from adverse effects, whereas guide values are intended to protect ecosystems. Both are established in the range of the target value and the maximum acceptable level; they are the result of trade-offs among the risk that detrimental effects for humans and ecosystems will occur, social and economic aspects and technical possibilities.
The Provincial authorities have the power to include air quality standards in the Provincial Environmental Ordinance when the Central Government has not set any standards for the substance in question or when more stringent standards than those set by the Central Government are deemed necessary.

Responsibility for control and measures
Supervision of compliance with the air pollution act (and the nuisance act) is chiefly the responsibility of the provinces and the municipalities. Consequently, the responsibility for the assessment of air quality is put on the provinces and municipalities.
- The provinces are responsible for the assessment of the large scale distribution of the referred component by means of fixed measuring stations.
- The provinces are responsible for the annual inventory of those locations where it might in all probability be expected that the concentrations of the referred component, mainly caused by one or more industrial installations, threaten to exceed the limit value. The provincial authorities are also responsible for the assessment of the actual concentrations at the locations "at risk".
- The municipalities are responsible for the annual inventory of those locations where it might in all probability be expected that the concentrations of the referred component, mainly caused by traffic, threaten to exceed the limit value. The municipalities are also responsible for the assessment of the actual concentrations at the locations "at risk". Because limit values are unlikely to be exceeded in small municipalities, this obligation only applies to municipalities with more than 40,000 inhabitants.
In practice, however, there is hardly any obligation for the lower authorities to assess air quality levels by fixed measuring points because the air quality decrees also state that:
- the obligation to measure air pollutant levels will lapse for those locations where measurements are performed by the Central Government;
- the inventory of locations where limit values are in danger of being exceeded and the assessment of the compliance of standards at those locations do not necessarily have to occur by measuring. Also calculations with validated models with a defined accuracy are allowed.
The Central Government has chosen to perform the measurements necessary for the assessment of the large scale distribution within the framework of the National Air Quality Monitoring Network because of obvious advantages like harmonisation and efficiency. An additional important advantage is the adjustment to other objectives of the monitoring network like smog warning and calculation of acid deposition. Secondly, the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) has provided provinces and municipalities with PC-based models which enable the calculation of the exceeding of limit values around industrial installations and in traffic situations. The RIVM also provides provinces and municipalities with the necessary input and calibration data. There is a high degree of consensus on the models applied; the PLUIM+model, also called the "National Model", which predicts concentrations of pollutants emitted by point sources and the CAR-model, which calculates the pollutant level at the kerbside of streets due to traffic emissions.

The National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection
The National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) has three main tasks:
- to describe the state of public health and environmental quality in the Netherlands (diagnosis);
- to survey future developments with respect to public health and environmental quality (prognosis); and
- to conduct research on processes influencing public health and environmental quality.
Air concentrations are highly variable with respect to time and space.
Assessing air quality and compliance with standards purely on the basis of measurements would result in extreme costs. From the beginning, a great deal of effort has been made at the RIVM to develop models for the description of air quality and atmospheric deposition. Especially in cases where a high resolution in time is not needed, models are an attractive cost- saving alternative. Moreover, the development of dispersion models has contributed to the understanding of sources and sinks. Models support the determination of the contribution of target groups, foreign countries and future developments (given economic scenarios) and thus form an indispensable tool for a successful abatement strategy. In the following sections, the National Air Quality Monitoring Network managed by the RIVM and the models applied are briefly described.

The National Air Quality Monitoring Network
The National Air Quality Monitoring Network was established in 1975. Today, it consists of about 50 stations where a large number of air pollutants are measured continuously (sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, carbon monoxide, ozone, black smoke, fine particulate matter, volatile organic compounds including benzene, acidic aerosols and heavy metals).
Objectives of the Network
Several objectives of the network can be mentioned:
- to gain insight into air quality in general;
- to determine trends in order to evaluate the success of air pollution abatement policy (or the need for abatement). The progress of emission reduction plans is evaluated by measuring the levels in ambient air;
- to supervise compliance with air quality standards;
- to alert authorities and the public about pollution episodes;
- to provide input for the calculation of atmospheric deposition of pollutants to soil and surface water;
- to provide data for model validation and calibration. Network set- up
In the network three types of monitoring sites are distinguished:
Regional monitoring sites
- expected to represent the air quality in an area of 5-50 km around the monitoring site. Results are used for calculating large-scale air pollution dispersion patterns.
City monitoring sites
- are located in cities with more than 40,000 inhabitants and are not directly influenced by traffic emissions. Results are used to:
- produce a general description of air quality in Dutch cities;
- calibrate the CAR model (see below). Street monitoring sites
- are situated at locations where high traffic emissions occur (>10,000 vehicles/day).
The results of these stations are used to:
- produce a general description of air quality in busy streets;
- calibrate the CAR model (see below).

Network infrastructure
A large part of the network infrastructure is aimed at the fast availability of measured data. To achieve that goal all measuring sites are equipped with fully automated continuous monitoring systems. A station processor samples the monitors each minute and calculates an hourly mean value at the end of each hour. The hourly mean values, together with their standard deviation, are sent to the central data acquisition system at the RIVM by the public telephone line. The station processor also triggers the automatic calibration at the end of each day and guards the technical parameters of the monitors. In case these are out of the allowable range, all data of that monitor are invalidated and a message is sent to the operator at the RIVM. In this way "technically" validated hourly means are available within half an hour.
For some components, like acidic aerosols, heavy metals and rainwater constituents, daily or weekly samples are collected on filters or in bottles. These samples are subsequently analysed in the chemical- analytical laboratories of the RIVM. The results of the analysis become available within a few months after the collection of the sample.
Network optimisation and design
The monitoring network was established in the early seventies. It then consisted of 220 monitoring stations, where only SO2 concentrations were measured. Monitoring programmes for CO, NOx, and O3 were implemented by the end of the seventies. In 1986, the SO2 network was reduced to around 80 stations. Geostatistical analyses of data collected in the previous years had revealed that with this smaller network, the required accuracy of interpolated concentrations could be accomplished. The same geostatistical method was applied for deriving required network densities for NOx, CO and O3.
A further reduction of the SO2 network to 40 monitoring sites was initiated in 1994 because of decreased SO2 levels in the Netherlands.

Financing and contracting out
Each time a new government is elected, negotiations take place about the budget for environmental research. Part of this budget is reserved for the RIVM. The director of the RIVM divides this budget among the environmental laboratories. The costs of the network have to be paid from the budget for the Air Research Laboratory. In the Netherlands, there is no system of earmarking revenues of fuel taxes and charges for non- compliance for environment-related expenditures.
The maintenance of automatic monitors and station processors is contracted out to commercial organisations (Philips and Siemens). This increases the cost of exploiting the network considerably, but also increases the flexibility of the RIVM-organisation (Dutch Government agencies are known for their lifelong appointments).
The collection and transport of samples to the analytical laboratories of the RIVM (filters, rainwater) still occurs by RIVM personnel, but negotiations are going on for contracting out these activities also.

Atmospheric dispersion and deposition models
The CAR model
CAR is an acronym for Calculation of Air Pollution by Road traffic. The model calculates annual mean and 98-percentile concentrations of traffic-related pollutants at the kerbside of the street. The concentration at the side of the street is thought to be made up of
1) the regional background,
2) the contribution from the city and
3) the contribution from the traffic emissions in the street. The regional background concentration is determined from measurements taken at the regional stations in the relevant area. The city contribution is determined from the (virtual) diameter of the city and a concentration increase (with respect to regional background concentration) per km of built upon area. This last contribution is calculated (annually) from the measurements taken at the locations measuring city background concentrations. The contribution to the concentration from street traffic is now calculated by multiplying the traffic emission (depending on the number and type of vehicles per 24 hours, the average speed and an emission factor) by a dilution factor (depending on the type of buildings, plant overgrowth, wind conditions and distance from the road axis). The sum of these contributions gives the annual average in the street. The CAR model is calibrated annually using the measurements from the street stations. By means of the CAR model the air quality in all large Dutch cities can be described with a limited number of observations in combination with data on traffic performance (originating from the traffic maps devised by local authorities within the framework of noise pollution prevention).
A recent extension of the CAR model is the CAR-SMOG model, which calculates hourly values of traffic-related pollutants (CO, NOx, NO2) for "standard" streets in the larger cities where measurements are not available. The system makes use of the hourly measurement results from 13 street stations. Calculated "standard street" concentrations are available on-line within one hour to the municipal authorities of the largest 8 cities in the Netherlands through a computer-based system called Viditel (see also the section on dissemination of information).

The PLUIM+model
PLUIM+ is a Gaussian plume model (PLUIM is Dutch for ëplume') and is used for the calculation of air pollution around an industrial point source. The model can be applied for gaseous pollutants or pollutants that behave like gases. Because PLUIM+ has not implemented change of meteorological conditions during transport and does not incorporate atmospheric deposition, the model may not be applied for receptor points too far away from the source (more than 5 km). The model supports "reverse calculations". This means that the maximum allowable emission to reach a certain concentration can be calculated.

The Operational Model for Priority Compounds (OPS)
The OPS model is intended for the calculation of concentrations and depositions on local and national scale originating from individual local sources through to aggregated sources on the European frontiers. The period to which the calculated values refer can be varied from one month to 15 years.
The contributions to concentration and deposition at a certain receptor point are calculated for all sources individually by means of backward trajectories. Local (vertical) distribution is introduced by means of a Gaussian plume formulation. The resolution on national scale is 5 x 5 km. Besides emission figures, the model uses statistical information on wind direction and speed, global radiation, temperature, amount and duration of precipitation and snow cover as input.

The Dutch Empirical Acid Deposition Model (DEADM)
This model is used for mapping acidic deposition. The total annual wet deposition flux is derived directly from the concentration of the relevant compound in rainwater and the amount of precipitation, as determined at the stations of the National Air Quality Monitoring Network. The wet deposition per grid cell (5 by 5 km) is then calculated via linear interpolation from the deposition at the fixed stations. The dry deposition is determined by the inference method. The interpolated concentration in air is multiplied with the respective deposition velocity. The latter depends on the characteristics of the compound and the receptor surface area, as well as on the meteorological circumstances. Where possible, the deposition velocity is derived from micrometeorological measurements in the Netherlands. Because of the previously mentioned influence of meteorological conditions, the procedure is carried out in time steps. The total dry deposition is obtained by integrating over time.

Future developments
In the near future, work will be done on developing models for describing city background concentrations. Also, methods will be developed for describing the spatial distribution of air pollution by means of the combined input of measurements and models. The thoughts behind this are that through the use of this method a spatially more detailed description of the air quality will be achieved without intensifying the measurement efforts. Perhaps the number of stations can even be reduced.

Dissemination of Information
The results of the network and the use of models are reported to the authorities and the public in several ways, including:
- the report on the exceeding of air quality objectives;
- the tabular overview of summary statistics for air pollutant levels;
- the annual air quality report;
- integrated environmental reports (air, soil, water);
- the smog forecasting and warning system and
- "electronic" information systems like Teletext and Viditel.
The report on the exceeding of air quality objectives
According to the air quality decrees the local authorities have to report each year to the provincial authority on the compliance with air quality standards in traffic situations. The provinces have to submit an account each year to the central Government on the compliance to air quality standards around industrial installations. The provinces include the account of the municipalities in their report, which should mention:
- the locations where limit values have been exceeded, the concentrations at these locations, the period or periods in which limit values were exceeded and the measuring or calculation method applied and;
- the measures that have been and will be taken to meet the air quality standard(s).
In co-operation with the Central Government, the RIVM composes an annual national report from the provincial report and the results of the Dutch Air Quality Monitoring Network. This report is subsequently used for the account submitted to the European Union, which the Netherlands is obliged to do in accordance with the respective directives of the European Union.

The annual tabular overview
The annual tabular overview gives summary statistics for each compound and each station. The summary statistics include those used as air quality objectives in Dutch Air Quality Decrees and/or the Air Quality Directives of the European Union and are calculated for several reference periods including those required by the aforementioned decrees and directives.
The annual tabular overview forms a basis for the forthcoming directive of the European Union about information of network data exchange.

The annual Air Quality Report
The annual Air Quality Report, describing the air quality in the previous year, is divided into a number of compound-directed chapters focusing on the effects on humans and ecosystems, the emission to air caused by human activities and the development in time of this emission, the spatial distribution of concentration and atmospheric deposition, the development in time of concentrations and depositions and the degree of exceeding of air quality standards.
All of these aspects are treated in relation to the policy measures being taken to reduce emissions and concentrations of a particular pollutant. For concentrations and depositions, the contribution of Dutch target groups and of surrounding countries as well is estimated through model calculations.
This information shows where priorities for negotiations have to be put. In addition to the compound- directed chapters, there are several integration-directed chapters that treat environmental problems like acidification, eutrophication, stratospheric ozone depletion, air pollution in cities, etc.

The smog forecast and warning system
Twice a day, the RIVM produces a smog forecast for the next two days. These forecasts are passed on to the Netherlands Press Agency. For summer smog, ozone is taken as an indicator, whereas for winter smog the combination of sulphur dioxide and fine particles serves as an indicator. The forecasts are based on the actual levels and statistical information on the development of the concentration under comparable conditions in the past. If the predicted smog level for a certain province is above 180 µg/m3 for summer smog or above 350 µg/m3 for winter smog, the forecast is also sent to the Royal Commissioners in the provinces as a preliminary warning. The Commissioners are empowered to issue special measures during periods of severe air pollution.
The smog forecast and warning system of the Netherlands is in agreement with the ozone directive of the European Union.

Viditel and teletext
"Viditel" is a computer-based public information system owned by the Dutch telephone company. It is accessible by telephone line. The owner of the information, in this case the RIVM, can protect the information from unauthorised use. The actual levels of the automatically measured pollutants are transferred each hour to the Viditel database and stored there for a certain period (1 day for hourly values, 1 week for daily values). Authorised users are the provinces, the municipalities, "medical environmental scientists" and the authorities of the Rijnmond area, a heavily industrialised area around Rotterdam.
"Teletext" is a public information system on television. Bar charts representing the actual smog levels per province, and maps with the spatial distribution of smog are delivered every hour to the teletext database.
From April through September, the information relates to summer smog (ozone) whilst in the remaining months data on winter smog (sulphur dioxide and fine dust) are provided. In addition, the public is provided with information about the formation of smog, health effects, people at risk and ways to prevent effects. Lastly, addresses of institutions which might be contacted for additional information are provided.

About the Work to Create Environmental Monitoring Systems on Federal, Local and Branch Levels

About the creation of USEMS and its tasks
Presently there are three legal documents on the federal level containing the rules which regulate the creation and functioning of environmental monitoring systems. They are as follows:
- Law of Russia "About the protection of the environment";
- Decree of the Russian Government N 1229 of 24.11.93 "About the creation of the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System";
- The Guide to ecological expert examination pre-design and design documentation of 10.12.93.
The project of Rule about the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System (USEMS) and the project of the Federal target program" The Creation of USEMS " have been prepared and directed to the Government. During the implementation of the Russian Government decree N 1229 of November 24, 1993 "About the creation of USEMS", the creating of regional and local environmental monitoring centers and non-governmental environmental monitoring systems have been projected. The requirements for integration of environmental monitoring territorial links into USEMS on the federal level have been developed by Minprirody of Russia.
The aim of USEMS is to develop and provide information for use in decision-making in the fields of environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, and maintenance of an ecologically safe sustainable development of the country and its regions.
The main tasks of USEMS are:
- providing for the functioning of an observation system for changes of environmental conditions and sources of anthropogenic effects;
- the execution of complex and theme valuations of environmental conditions in Russian territory and regions;
- forecasting the development of ecological conditions in Russia and its regions at various sitting patterns of the productive forces, and social and economic scenarios for the development of the country and its regions;
- the organization and management of the state data fund for the environment and natural resources.
The project "Rule about USEMS" has now been discussed in the appropriate departments. It defines the purposes and tasks of organizations and the function of USEMS, its structure, order of functioning, and the legal status of information.
USEMS functions on two main levels: federal and territorial. The federal level of USEMS is formed on the basis of central bodies of executive authority, and their subordinated enterprises and organizations. Minprirody of Russia is the coordinator for the completion of the Governmental decree.
The State Institute of Applied Ecology (SIAE) and the Federal Center of Geoecological Systems (FCGS) are head research organizations of Minprirody of Russia for USEMS problems as a whole and its components (Order by the minister of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources N 265 of 17.12.93 "About the completion of the decree of Ministerial council - Government of Russian federation of 24.11.1993 N 1229".
The management of USEMS's territorial level is executed by territorial bodies of Minprirody of Russia together with bodies of executive authority of subjects of Russian federation.
With regard to the creation and functioning of regional environmental monitoring systems, the environmental territorial committees play the role of consolidating links on the levels of subjects of federation. Under their control the regional information-analytical environmental monitoring centers are created. The data from observation and check systems for environmental contamination, as well as other sources of anthropogenic effects, functioning at enterprises, organizations and their associations, are transmitted in these centers and are integrated with other USEMS data.
To ensure the creation and functioning of regional environmental monitoring systems, it is necessary to implement a large number of organizational measures and to develop and accept complex legal and methodical documents about the organization and function of the subsystem of USEMS.
The main goals of the regional environmental monitoring systems (EMS) are:
At the initial stage -
- Preparing and providing normative-legal substantiation with regard to the creation and functioning of EMS - the development of rules relating to EMS - and agreements between the participants of EMS;
- Organizational work on the realization of information-analytical centers (IAC) and ensuring cooperation, including information, between the participants of EMS.
During further realization and in the regime of experimental and regular functioning -
- Substantiation with regard to the choosing of environmental monitoring objects, structure and regime of systematic observation and research;
- Organization of the collection, storage, processing and analysis of data on environmental conditions, natural resources and nature-technical systems;
- Providing interested consumers with stored, operative and forecasted environmental information.

THE USEMS REALIZATION IN RUSSIA IN 1994
A valuation of the situation in Russia. Systems for ecological monitoring have been partially established. This has been revealed from the results of analyzing correspondence from Minprirody of Russia with its territorial bodies, analyzing materials from the conference of chairmen of territorial bodies Minprirody of Russia held in Kalooga (29-30.11.94) and from the seminar "Problems of the creation and functioning of information-analytical systems (environmental monitoring system)", held in Kazan (29-30.11.94).

THE ROLE of STATE LINKS IN USEMS REALIZATIONS
Following the issue of the Government Decree relating to the creation of USEMS of Russia, various situations exist on the regional level. A series of areas and republics have accepted the decisions regarding the creation of environmental monitoring systems and have developed programs of work and measures, and concepts of the construction and functioning of regional state environmental monitoring systems have been offered. In separate regions, steps toward the creation of information-analytical centers have been made. But at present, they represent fragmentary structures, which decide only some information tasks. The greatest difficulty is the organizational measures - data collection and transmission from various departments to unified banks and data bases.
1. The decisions on the federal level and / or the level of chapters of administration of areas and republics of Russia together with environmental committees have been accepted. The concepts of environmental monitoring have been developed and development programs have been offered:
ASTRACHANSKAYA AREA
Program for the creation of IAS.
BASHKORTOSTAN
Within the framework of the work of the Fund "The Rescue of Karaidely" on the creation of the geoinformation system "GIS - Ufa"; 24-26.05.94: technological seminar - the exhibition "Environmental monitoring problem-94".
KAVKAZSKIE MINERALNYE VODY
The Decree of the president has been published, including items about development of rules regarding complex environmental monitoring.
KRASNOJARSKIY KRAI
The development and creation of a first-order GIS - territorial complex land-survey.
THE REPUBLIC OF KRYM
"Program complex environmental monitoring" has been offered to the European Economic Commission of UNO to create a continuous acting service of environmental monitoring.
THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIYA
The decision of the Council of Ministers relating to the development of a program to create a USEMS regional system in the territory of the Republic of Mordoviya and GIS development (1994-1995) has been accepted.
THE REPUBLIC OF CHOOVASHIYA
Has accepted the preliminary decision about the realization of an environmental monitoring system in the Novocheboksarsk region; the technical project of preparing a feasibility report has been offered by the scientific-industrial union "Nephtepromathtomatica" (Kazan).
PERMSKAYA AREA
The development of a program of work and monitoring concepts has been executed within the framework of the creation of a regional center of environmentally balanced use of nature (local level).
PRIMORSKY KRAI
The department of ecological monitoring and land-surveys has been created.
RYAZANSKAYA AREA
Has developed a project on a system of valuation of the ecological conditions of the territory in interface with morbidity data.
TUMENSKAYA AREA
The area program "Geomonitoring" has been developed. The decision about the creation of a regional geoinformation center has been accepted.
THE REPUBLIC OF UDMOURTSKAYA
The principles of construction of territorial automated comonitoring (developer - the institute of research of natural accidents USU Goskomprirody of UR) have been offered.
BLACK AND AZOVSKY SEAS
Some programs for complex monitoring of the marine environment have been developed.
CHITINSKAYA AREA
Within the framework of an area environmental committee the department of ecological monitoring has been created. More detailed information is not available.
HANTY-MANSIYSKY autonomous region
the Order of Minprirody concerning the model testing area N 131 of 8.7.93. T he concept of creation of IAS of HANTY-MANSIYSK autonomous region in the structure of USEMS, and substantiation with regard to stages of its creation, and a program of work on the projecting of observation networks for ecological conditions OPS in the region have been worked out.

2. As a result of accepted decisions and developed concepts in a series of areas and republics, steps toward creation and statements of normative-legal bases of realization of USEMS on the federal level have been made:
IRCOUTSKAYA AREA
During three years, work on the creation of regional systems for ecological monitoring has been conducted. At present, there are Rules about RIAC and 2 edicts of rules relating to the Irkutsky regional environmental monitoring system and its subsystems (16 subsystems); the main directions of a program of realization of IREMS have been developed.
THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan has authorized the Rule* relating to the Unified environmental monitoring system of the Republic of Tatarstan.
* The Rule represents the concept of creating USEMS RT with a definition of functional duties (in detail), various levels of the system and financial-legal substantiation with regard to its realization.

3. In some Russian regions, based on accepted decisions, the fragments of collecting, transmission and processing of informations systems have already been created.
BASHKORTOSTAN
The ecological center for decisions concerning ecological problems of South Bashkiriya has been created; the creating of an information-analytical system is directed mainly toward valuation and forecasting of the pollution of the atmosphere.
KALUGSKAYA AREA
The area has been defined as a model by Decree of Minprirody. FCGS acts as General Contractor (from 1994). Work has been conducted during 3 years. The acting part of 1 turn of area environmental monitoring system has been created.
The Rule relating to the area environmental monitoring system has been produced and is now on the coordination stage.
THE REPUBLIC OF KARELIYA
By the Order of Minprirody N138 of 12.5.94 the Republic of Kareliya has been defined as an experimental base for the creation of regional USEMS systems. Within the framework of international cooperation Minecology RK, together with Finland, has since 1989 conducted, on an engineering background, complex environmental monitoring of the water environment.
KASPIYSKOE SEA
In SCC "Kaspy" the bank hydrology-water-economic data and bank of models of nature-economic processes have been collected. The auditing of the observation network has been conducted, and the program on addition of existing observation networks has been developed.
LIPECSKAYA AREA
Data about the creation of technical systems of data collection and transmissions from Gidromet posts and other state departments are available. However, the main concept and normative-legal bases of area monitoring system have not been developed so far.
NIJEGORODSKAYA AREA (administration)
A series of complex programs and technical projects have been developed. The saturated of computer engineering system of data integration of area environmental observation services.
SARATOVSKAYA AREA
The concept of oblast information-ecological system exists, and the software for a series of subsystems within the framework of departments of an area committee has been developed.
SVERDLOVSKAYA AREA
Within the framework of the completion of the decree of the administration of the Sverdlovskaya area and the Russian Committee at President on information policy on the creation of an information control system for the territories of the Sverdlovskaya area 8888-CO, based on land-surveys of natural environments and localities with the use of information technology, the regional center of geoinformation technology has been created. The work has been conducted during three years. The deciding tasks are: quantitative and qualitative account and reporting, ecological-economic valuation of agricultural land, forest fund and locality. In 1993 the infor mation center at the area environmental committee was created.
UDMOURTSKAYA REPUBLIC
The department of ecological monitoring was created in the area environmental committee. The control system for the quality of atmospheric air was introduced. More detailed information is not available.
YAKUTSKAYA AREA
Data about GIS " Ecological monitoring of Yakutiya" are available; this GIS is based on integration of existing data, which have been collected with the use of modern means of communication, and which contain a model of pollution distribution in the atmosphere and water objects.
YAMAL
The Order of Minprirody relating to a model testing area in the Yamalo-Nenetsky region N 131 of 8.7.93 has been published. Biological institute RAS, Siberia department, is creating the data bank (from 1959 to 1993 GG) about the number of animals in URS territory in regime of party use. An example of USEMS realization on a local level is the urban system of ecological monitoring in
CHELYABINSK
Its concept and organization structure has been developed, (the organization structure has been partially realized). Its external information rules, structurally functional outline of hardware-software complex have been developed. In 1993-1994 GG 1 turn of urban EMS has been entered - the automated subsystem of atmospheric monitoring. The program of search for parties assumed to be causing pollution of the atmosphere (account on computer) has been developed and used.

NON-STATED (INSTATED) LINK of USEMS
The formation of USEMS only by means of the state budget and federal and territorial ecological funds, is not optimum. Moreover, practice shows, that in the territories - comparatively safe financially - environmental monitoring systems of different levels are being created at present basically at the expense of enterprises (branches).
The valuation of acting and designed services (systems) from the point of view of their conformity to the requirements of USEMS has proceeded on example of the following objects:
- designed (feasibility report stage) system of industrial ecological monitoring (IEM) of the Russian joint-stock Company "Gasprom";
- designed (feasibility report stage) environmental monitoring system for a port in the Bay of Batareynaya;
- department of natural protection of Soorguotneftgas;
- laboratories of environmental protection of Kaloojskaya area enterprises;
- environmental monitoring in the region of the petrochemical complex of the joint-stock company "Angarskaya Petrochemical Company";
- environmental monitoring in the region of enterprises "tatenergo" (Kazan);
- environmental monitoring of the Astrachansky gas field.
From designed instated environmental monitoring systems we ascertain the following:
- practically all systems formally correspond to theoretical representations about structures of environmental monitoring systems and requirements to management of monitoring observation, but details of the study of decisions on each of the functional or information-technological blocks are rather varied;
- the questions of registration and data collection with regard to pollution sources functioning have been developed in detail; less
- detailed observation of the levels of pollution of natural environments; rather schematically - decisions relating to the collection and registration of data about the reaction of ecosystems to effects and anthropogenic changes;
- the decisions on analyses of initial data, valuation and forecasting of ecological conditions in the territories (natural and technogenic objects), and the display of the results of initial target information processing data products have been worked out in the form of a not very detailed outline, or are in general lacking; the particular techniques of valuation and forecasting, including complex (using cumulative data about the conditions of several media) have not been considered;
- the substantiation of characteristics of observation monitoring network is lacking; the questions of substantiation of borders of industrial effect zones have not been sufficiently illuminated;
- the questions of internal information exchange have been developed: the decisions on external information exchange (with other subsystems of USEMS, territorial environmental committees, etc.) are lacking in the feasibility report materials.
From acting observation and control services we ascertain the following:
The services of industrial ecological controls are the subsystem (block) "Data collection" in the environmental monitoring system, but for their further integration into the appropriate branch or state monitoring system, it is necessary to increase the automation level of data collection, storage and transmission, and to refine and expand temporary and space parameters of observation networks.
Based on the examining situation in the regions and on the federal level of USEMS, the following conclusions have been made:
1. In a series of areas and republics the Decree has been realized with sufficient success. Decisions have been accepted, concepts have been worked out, the sources of financing have been defined - as the first stage of USEMS realization. Some departments are starting the designing work of instated environmental monitoring systems for their further integration into USEMS; in some areas and republics, as well as on the local level - in cities and large industrial conglomerations - the technological and personnel base already exist as a base of RIAC.
2. The creation of RIAC (or similar structures) and the development of their coordination and information-analytical activity bases have been carried out in an insignificant number of regions. The organization of mutual cooperation between departmental and state observation systems in all directions is now being presented as the most difficult and the least advanced area with regard to the realization of USEMS. It should be noted that RIAC (or similar and base structures) functions predominantly in an experimental regime.
For transition to a regular RIAC operating mode it is necessary to have:
- developed and made out normative, or through an agreement, rules for data exchange between departmental and state monitoring systems;
- developed a base for removal of data about environmental conditions (digital card and structure of data bases);
- complexes of techniques on valuations and forecasts of territory ecological conditions (in the form of working algorithms).
3. The work on the creation and maintenance of the development of regional monitoring systems is private and unmatched due to a lack of a normative base for their creation. This direction of work requires intensification, as at present the question of integration of environmental monitoring systems becomes most urgent on the level of subjects of federation and on the federal level.
4. In our opinion, the basis of the normative base on territorial environmental monitoring systems creation can work out in 1995:
- A typical general agreement between the participants of USEMS (separately - for the interaction of the departments of Minprirody; for the interaction of Minprirody and the state services on the federal level; for the interaction of Minprirody and the state services on the territorial level);
- Information rules relating to the maintenance of Federal divisions of Minprirody of Russia -made out in the form of general protocols (perspective and for 1995).
5. From the federal level of USEMS the following is expected:
- maintenance of uniform digital map-base of USEMS participants;
- creation of a federal base of metadata (including registration of all concepts, programs, design documentation, structures of data bases and description of their actual filling up);
- outputs of normative bases of USEMS creation and functioning.

Last updated September 30, 1996 by Lorant Czaran