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limate Change
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The climate of the lowland territory of the country is severe-continental and extremely dry. Average annual air temperature varies from 11-13 degrees Celsius in the north to 15-18 degrees in the southwest. In January, the Coldest month, average temperature ranges from -6 to +5 degrees. The temperature is highest in July when it averages from 27 to 30 degrees. In the seaside regions August is the hottest month. In Reptek and Uchadji, the absolute temperature maximum of air was registered +50
° C.Average annual rainfall in Turkmenistan ranges from 76 millimeters (on the Garabogazgol coast) to 398 millimeters (at Koine-Kessir in the Kopet-Dag mountains). The territory of Turkmenistan is divided into 4 areas by annual quantity of atmospheric precipitation:
North - East, Zangusk Kara-Kum and Karabogaz-Gol Gulf - the quantity of precipitation less than 110 mm.
Low Kara-Kum - the total amount of precipitation up to 150 mm.
Foothill zone of the South and South-East - up to 200 - 250 mm.
Mountain areas - more than 250 mm.
One of the basic components of radiating balance is total solar radiation. The annual quantity of total radiation fluctuates along the territory within the limits of 6000 - 6800 МdJ per sq.m, that is a maximum for Central Asia.
Main state body of Turkmenistan, which makes meteorological observations, the collection and statistics of these data is the State Committee on Hydrometeorology under the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan.
Average number of observations for air temperature and precipitation is 50 years, maximum number is more than 100 years.
Climate change in Turkmenistan
The conducted researches to draw up the national inventory of emission and sinks of greenhouse gases have shown comparatively large amounts of antropogeneous emission of greenhouse gases from territory of Turkmenistan. Probably, the magnification of the contents in atmosphere of carbon dioxide and methane is the reason of climate change in Turkmenistan, as well as in Central Asia as a whole, (increase of temperature and diminution of precipitation) for the last 60 years. Also, for considered period the recurrence of meridian and latitude processes were changed in atmosphere of Turkmenistan. The meridian processes were decreased and latitude processes were increased.
Carrying out the analysis of a thermal mode in territory of Turkmenistan, for processing, the saved materials for the period 1931-1990 were taken, but the data for the present period were stidied too.
Basing on the data of stations in Ashgabat (capital - height 227m) and Gaudan (located on maximal height 1486m) average annual temperature is kept as 16.4 in Ashgabat, 10.6 - in Gaudan. In Gasankuly (located on minimal height, minus 25m) average annual for 1961-1990 has increased by 0.2 degrees
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Reviewing the period of 1950-1997, average annual temperature in Ashgabat makes also 16.4, in Gaudan 10.6, and in Gasankuly 16.0 degrees.
Analyzing the period of 1950-1997 on long-term norm, it is possible to make conclusion, that after 1980 all deviations of temperatures are negative, hence, average annual temperature of air was above norm.
When analyzing a row of precipitation, any dependence is not appreciable, however for this period the least quantity of precipitation in Ashgabat was in 1995 and has made 125 mm, while average annual temperature of air has reached the maximal mark for the period of 1950-1997 - 17.8 degrees.
In Gaudan station such tendency is not observed, but nevertheless the smallestt quantity of precipitation - 190 mm was valid for one year with average annual temperature above norm. In Gasankuly station the smallest quantity of precipitation is occured for one year with average annual temperature equal to the norm or hardly above norm.
Turkmenistan has ratified UNFCCC on June 5, 1995 and undertaken the certain formal obligations, realization of which will represent continuous process within the boundaries of the country.
According to Article 12.5, the Party of the Convention should prepare National Reports within three years after ratification of the Convention or two years after obtaining of financing. In 1997 the project on preparation of the Initial National Report on climate change started to be executed in Turkmenistan.
The most important problems, which will be solved:
To prepare the inventory of emission and sinks of greenhouse gases.
To estimate the vulnerability of natural and economic complexes to climate change.
To prepare the program of actions to stabilize and reduce emission of greenhouse gases.
The inventory of greenhouse gases was executed according to IPCC methodology and includes estimation of the following emission:
All greenhouse gases from power sources using burning fuel by sectors: production, transportation, storage and processing of gas and oil.
From industrial processes limited to production of cement, calcinisation, ammonia.
From agricultural sector including enteric fermentation, wastes of animals, land use and forestry.
From municipal and industrial wastes.
S
ources of Information:|
C onserving Biodeversity of Central Asia. Turkmenistan. Kh. Atamuradov, A. Aranbayev, O. Pereladova. 1997.D ata of the Research and Production Center of Ecological Monitoring of the Ministry of the Use of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of Turkmenistan.D ata of the State Committee of Hydrometeorology under Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan |
